Ayutthaya: Capital of Siam and Emporium of Southeast Asia
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(1)
Ayutthaya (1351-1767) was the capital of Siam from mid fourteenth to the latter part of the eighteenth centuries. After the destruction by war the capital was moved down to Thonburi/Bangkok. During its days Ayutthaya was one of the most prosperous capitals and ports in Southeast Asia. There are two reasons for this.
ÍÂظÂÒ à»ç¹àÁ×ͧËÅǧ¢Í§ÍҳҨѡÃÊÂÒÁÍÂÙèÃÐËÇèÒ§»Õ ¤.È. 1351-1767 ¤×ͨҡ¡ÅÒ§¤ÃÔʵȵÇÃÃÉ·Õè 14 ¶Ö§¤ÃÖè§ËÅѧ¢Í§ÈµÇÃÃÉ·Õè 18 ¡è͹·ÕèàÁ×ͧËÅǧ¹Õé¨Ð¶Ù¡·ÓÅÒÂâ´Âʧ¤ÃÒÁ áÅÐä´éÂéÒÂŧÁÒµÑé§ÍÂÙè ³ ¡Ãا¸¹ºØÃÕáÅСÃØ§à·¾Ï (Bangkok) ÍÂظÂÒ¶×Íä´éÇèÒà»ç¹·Ñé§àÁ×ͧËÅǧáÅÐàÁ×ͧ·èÒ ·Õèà¨ÃÔÃØè§àÃ×ͧÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´àÁ×ͧ˹Öè§ã¹ÀÙÁÔÀÒ¤ áÅÐÁÕÅѡɳÐÊÓ¤Ñ 2 »ÃСÒà ¤×Í
On the one hand, the capital at Ayutthaya was land-based, i.e. it was rich with rice and all kinds of food (mainly fish). It had abundance of agricultural and forest products. This characteristic of Ayutthaya resembled those of formerly wellknown past kingdoms like Pagan, Angkor, and Central Java.
ã¹´éҹ˹Öè§ ÍÂظÂÒà»ç¹àÁ×ͧËÅǧ·ÕèÁÕ¾×é¹°Ò¹ÍÂÙè¡ÑºÀÒ¤¾×é¹á¼è¹´Ô¹ (land based) ¤×ÍÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÍØ´ÁÊÁºÙóì´éÇ¢éÒÇ ÍÒËÒèҡÊѵÇìáÅлÅÒ áÅмżÅÔµ·Ò§¡ÒÃà¡ÉµÃ µÅÍ´¨¹¼ÅÔµÀѳ±ì¨Ò¡»èÒ (forest products) «Öè§ÁÕÅѡɳФÅéÒ¤ÅÖ§¡ÑºÍҳҨѡÃâºÃÒ³ã¹á¶º¹Õé ·ÕèÃØè§àÃ×ͧáÅÐÁÕÁÒ¡è͹˹éÒ àªè¹ ¾Ø¡ÒÁ Íѧ¡ÍÃì áÅЪÇÒ¡ÅÒ§à»ç¹µé¹ (Pagan, Angkor, Central Java)
On the other hand, Ayutthaya was also sea-based and situated within the Asian trade route of silks, porcelain, and spices. It was one of trade centers, an emporium for exchanges of goods similar to its forerunners and contemporaries like Funan/Angkor Borei-Oc Eo, Srivijaya/Palembang or Melaka/Malacca, Hoi An, Banten-Batavia, Manila)
ã¹ÍÕ¡´éҹ˹Öè§ ÍÂظÂÒ¡çà»ç¹àÁ×ͧËÅǧ ·ÕèÁÕʶҹ·ÕèµÑ駷Õè·ÓãËéÁÕ°Ò¹·Ò§·ÐàÅ (sea based) ÍÂÙèã¹àÊé¹·Ò§¡ÒäéÒËÅÑ¡¢Í§àÍàªÕ (Asian trade route or sea-silk route) à»ç¹ÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§¢Í§¡ÒäéÒ ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ÊÔ¹¤éÒ ´Ñ§àªè¹ÍҳҨѡ÷ҧ·ÐàÅ¡è͹˹éÒ¹Ñé¹ àªè¹ ¿Ù˹ҹ ÈÃÕÇԪѠ(Funan/Angkor Borei-Oc Eo, Srivijaya/Palembang) ËÃ×Íã¹ÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒà´ÕÂǡѹ àªè¹ ÁÐÅÐ¡Ò ÎÍÂÍѹ ºÑ¹à·¹-»ÑµµÒàÇÕ ÁйÔÅÒ (Melaka, Hoi An, Banten-Batavia, Manila)
 Manila-Acapulco Galleon
(2)
Ayutthaya was established almost at the same time of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) in China. Initially, the Ming paid attention to the Southern Seas as can be seen by the many voyages of Admiral Zheng He. But it turned attention to the northern border once the capital was moved from Nanking to Peking. On top of that official trade was not encouraged by the Chinese Court, resulting in activities of private traders and piracy. In this light trade from Southeast Asian kingdoms became vigorous. Ayutthaya, Melaka, Viet Nam could enjoy such opportunity by exploiting Chinese ‘Tributary System of Relationship’ of bringing gifts to Imperial China in order to get trade benefit. The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are well known as ‘The Age of Commerce’ in Asia.
ÍÂظÂÒ Ê¶Ò»¹Ò¢Öé¹ÁÒã¹Âؤà´ÕÂǡѺ¡ÒÃà¡Ô´ãËÁè¢Í§ÃҪǧÈìËÁԧ㹻ÃÐà·È¨Õ¹ (Ming Dynasty 1368-1644) áÅдéǹâºÒ¢ͧÃÒªÊӹѡ¢Í§¨Ñ¡Ã¾ÃôÔËÁÔ§ ·ÕèãËé¤ÇÒÁʹ㨵èʹԹᴹ·Ò§º¡ÀÒ¤¾×é¹´Ô¹´éÒ¹·ÔÈà˹×ͧ͢µ¹ ¡ÒÃÂéÒÂàÁ×ͧËÅǧ¨Ò¡¹Ò¹¡Ô§ä»»Ñ¡¡Ôè§ ¡ÒÃäÁèãËé¤ÇÒÁÊӤѡѺÀÒ¤¾×é¹·ÐàÅáÅСѺÃкº¡ÒäéÒÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹·Ò§¡ÒâͧÃÑ° ¡ç·ÓãËé¡ÒäéҢͧàÍ¡ª¹ªÒǨչÃØè§àÃ×ͧ¢Öé¹ÁÒá·¹ ã¹¢³Ðà´ÕÂǡѹºÃôÒÍҳҨѡõèÒ§æã¹àÍàªÕµÐÇѹÍÍ¡à©Õ§ãµé ÍÒ·Ôàªè¹ ÁÐÅÐ¡Ò ÍÂظÂÒ áÅÐàÇÕ´¹ÒÁ ¡çÊÒÁÒöà¢éÒÁÒ·Ó¡ÒäéÒ¢Ò ·Ó¡ÒÃÊè§ÊÔ¹¤éÒà¢éÒáÅÐÍÍ¡ (â´ÂÍÔ§¡ÑºÃкººÃóҡÒèÔéÁ¡éͧ¢Í§¨Õ¹ Tributary System) áÅ¡à»ÅÕ蹶èÒÂà·ÊÔ¹¤éҡѹ㹪èǧ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¨ÃÔÃØè§àÃ×ͧà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§Áҡ㹤ÃÔʵìȵÇÃÃÉ·Õè 15 áÅÐ 16 ÃÇÁ·Ñé§ã¹ÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒµèͨҡ¹Ñé¹´éÇ ´Ñ§·ÕèÃÙé¨Ñ¡¡Ñ¹ã¹¹ÒÁ¢Í§ Age of Commerce ã¹àÍàªÕÂ
This period coincided with the Age of Discovery and Exploration of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. This was for European colonialists and traders to reap benefits from Asian trade of spices, silk and ceramics. The Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English, all set up their ‘sea-borne empires’, creating chains of port-cities and emporium for trading from the Arabian Sea, to India, through Southeast Asia, to China, Korea and Japan/Ryukyu. The Spanish established Manila for their ‘Galleon Trade’ crossing the Pacific to Acapulco/Mexico before reaching Spain via the Atlantic.
ʶҹ¡Òóì¢Í§¡ÒäéÒ¢Ò¢ͧàÁ×ͧ·èÒã¹Âؤ¹Ñé¹ ¡çÂѧµÃ§¡ÑºÂؤÊÁÑ·ÕèªÒÇÂØâû¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡ä´éËÅÑè§äËÅà¢éÒÁÒ à¾×èÍà¡çºà¡ÕèÂǼŻÃÐ⪹ì¨Ò¡¡ÒäéÒà¤Ã×èͧà·È áÅмéÒá¾ÃäËÁ ¡Ñºà¤Ã×èͧÊѧ¤âÅ¡ÍÕ¡´éÇ (spices, silk, and ceramics) ¹Õèà»ç¹Âؤ¢Í§ The Age of Discovery (15th-16th centuries) ¢Í§â»ÃµØà¡Ê Ê໹ ÎÍÅѹ´Ò Íѧ¡ÄÉ ÏÅÏ ·ÕèµèÒ§¡çµÑé§ÊÔ觷ÕèàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ Seaborne Empires ¤×Í ÂÖ´àÁ×ͧ·èÒáÅеÑé§ãËéà»ç¹Ê¶Ò¹Õ¡ÒäéҢͧµ¹¨Ò¡ÍÔ¹à´Õ ¢éÒÁ·ÐàÅÍѹ´ÒÁѹ ÁÒÊÙèàÍàªÕµÐÇѹÍÍ¡à©Õ§ãµé ÂÖ´ä´é¨Ò¡ÁÐÅÐ¡Ò ¶Ö§»ÑµµÒàÇÕ ¶Ö§ÁйÔÅÒ à¾×è͵ԴµèÍä»Âѧ¨Õ¹ à¡ÒËÅÕ ÃÔÇ¡ÔÇ áÅÐÕè»Øè¹ ÃÇÁ·Ñ駢éÒÁÁËÒÊÁطûҫԿԤä»ÂѧÅÒµÔ¹ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò´éÇÂ
(3)
As for Ayutthaya, by controlling the land of central Siam, it could expand northward into kingdoms of Sukhothai and Lanna/Chiang Mai. It captured Angkor in Cambodia and took over the Khorat Plateau, centered around Phimai. With such land expansion and control, Ayutthaya was able to obtain for export: agricultural and forest products: rice, foodstuff, aromatic and sappen-woods, animal skin like deer, horn and elephant tusks.
ã¹á§è¢Í§ÀÒ¤¾×é¹´Ô¹ËÃ×Í·Ò§º¡¹Ñé¹ ÍÂظÂÒä´éáÊ´§áʹÂÒÀÒ¾¢ÂÒÂÍÒ³Òࢵ¢Í§µ¹¢Öé¹ä»ÂÖ´¤ÃͧÍҳҨѡÃÊØ⢷Ñ·ҧ·ÔÈà˹×Í ¾ÂÒÂÒÁà¢éÒä»ÃØ¡ÃÒ¹ã¹ÅéÒ¹¹Ò ¡Ñº·Ñé§Âѧä´é¾ÔªÔµÍҳҨѡþÃй¤ÃËÅǧ (Angkor) ¢Í§¡ÑÁ¾ÙªÒ·Ò§·ÔȵÐÇѹÍÍ¡ ÃÇÁ·Ñé§ã¹ºÃÔàdz·ÕèÃÒºÊÙ§â¤ÃÒª (Khorat Plateau) ÍÕ¡´éÇ áÅШҡ¡Ò÷Õèä´é¤ØÁ¼×¹á¼è¹´Ô¹ÍÂèÒ§¡ÇéÒ§¢ÇÒ§¹Õé ¡ç·ÓãËéÍÂظÂÒÊÒÁÒö¤ØÁáÅÐÁÕ¼ÅÔµ¼Å·Ò§¡ÒÃà¡ÉµÃ àªè¹ ¢éÒÇ ÍÒËÒÃáËé§ ¢Í§»èÒ äÁéÃÒ¤Òᾧ·Õèà»ç¹·Õèµéͧ¡ÒâͧµÅÒ´ÀÒ¹͡ àªè¹ äÁé½Ò§ äÁéËÍÁ ˹ѧÊѵÇì àªè¹ ¡ÇÒ§ à¢ÒÊѵÇìáÅЧҪéÒ§
Therefore, by the sea, Ayutthaya could expand to take control of the sea-coast from Chanthaburi, bordering Cambodia, crossing to the west in the area of Phetburi, Kui (Prachuab) down to Nakhon Si Thammarat (Trambalinga) and Pattani. At certain time, Ayutthaya attempted to control the Andaman sea-coast in the Gulf of Bengal from Tavoy, Mergui, down to Tenasserim, and Kedah trying to subjugate Melaka in the Malay Peninsula.
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ã¹·Ò§ÀÒ¤¾×é¹·ÐàÅ ÍÂظÂÒ¡ç¢ÂÒÂáʹÂÒ¹ØÀÒ¾¢Í§µ¹ à¢éÒ令Ǻ¤ØÁªÒ½Ñ觷ÐàŨҡ´éÒ¹·ÕèµÔ´¡ÑÁ¾ÙªÒ ¤×Í àÁ×ͧ¨Ñ¹·ºØÃÕ ¢éÒÁÁÒÂѧ´éÒ¹¢Í§à¾ªÃºØÃÕ àÁ×ͧ¡Ø (»ÃШǺ) äÅèŧä»ÂѧÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§ÊÓ¤Ñ ¤×Í ¹¤ÃÈÃÕ¸ÃÃÁÃÒª ¨¹¶Ö§»ÑµµÒ¹Õ áÅÐ㹺ҧÊÁÑ¡ç¾ÂÒÂÒÁ¢éÒÁàÅÂä»Âѧ·ÐàŽÑ觵ÐÇѹµ¡ ¤×Í ·Ò§´éÒ¹Íѹ´ÒÁѹ à¾×èͤǺ¤ØÁ·ÇÒ ÁÐÃÔ´ µÐ¹ÒÇÈÃÕ ã¹´Ô¹á´¹¢Í§ÁÍáÅоÁèÒ áÅоÂÒÂÒÁ¤ØÁãµéŧä»ÍÕ¡¶Ö§ÂѧÃѰऴÐËì µÅÍ´¨¹ÁÐÅСÒã¹áËÅÁÁÅÒÂÙÍÕ¡´éÇÂ
In short, Ayutthaya was replacing those of the former times like Funan, Chenla, or even Srivijaya by controlling the sea and maritime trade of East and West, of the Southern China Sea and the Indian Ocean. It could reap benefit from spices (mainly pepper), silk, porcelain, from China, Japan (silver), Ryukyu, plus connecting with the Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade mentioned above.
¡ÅèÒÇâ´ÂÂèÍ ÍÂظÂÒä´éà¢éÒÁÒá·¹·ÕèÍҳҨѡÃà¡èÒ àªè¹ ¿Ù˹ҹáÅÐਹÅÐ (Funan-Chenla) ËÃ×ÍáÁéáµèÈÃÕÇԪѠâ´Â¡ÒäǺ¤ØÁ·ÐàÅáÅÐàÊé¹·Ò§¡ÒäéÒÃÐËÇèÒ§âÅ¡´éÒ¹µÐÇѹÍÍ¡áÅеÐÇѹµ¡ ÃÐËÇèÒ§·ÐàŨչµÍ¹ãµé¡ÑºÁËÒÊÁØ·ÃÍÔ¹à´Õ ÊÒÁÒöà¡çºà¡ÕèÂǼŻÃÐ⪹ì¨Ò¡¡ÒäéÒà¤Ã×èͧà·È (â´Â੾ÒÐÍÂèÒ§ÂÔ觾ÃÔ¡ä·Â) áÅСÒäéÒ¼éÒá¾ÃäËÁ¡Ñºà¤Ã×èͧÊѧ¤âÅ¡¡Ñº¨Õ¹ Õè»Øè¹ áÅÐÃÔÇ¡ÔÇ ÃÇÁ·Ñé§Âѧä´é¹Óà¢éÒâÅËÐà§Ô¹ àÁ×èÍ¡ÒäéҢͧâÅ¡àÍàªÕÂä´é¶Ù¡¼¹Ç¡à¢éҡѺÊÔ觷ÕèàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade ·Õè¢éÒÁÁËÒÊÁØ·ÃừԿԤä»ÂѧàÁç¡«Ôâ¡ã¹ÅÒµÔ¹ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò (¡è͹·Õè¨Ð¢éÒÁÁËÒÊÁØ·Ãá͵áŹµÔ¡ä»ÂѧàÊ»¹ÍÕ¡´éÇÂ)
In conclusion, as capital and port Ayutthaya benefited from its geographical location of the traditional Asian trade route. It became an emporium for export and import of East and West. It exploited the labor and skill of Chinese crews and technical know-how of ‘junks’. The trade of Ayutthaya was a royal monopoly. Its port-duty was around 10 per cent. It could be paid in kinds or cash (silver or gold). As for its export (rice, foodstuff, forest products), Ayutthayan kings collected them as ‘tax in kinds’ from their peasants and vassals. This royal trade monopoly was carried out by elaborated organizations, i.e. the setting up Krom Phra Khlang (Treasury), Krom Tha Sai and Krom Tha Khwas: Port Authorities of the Left (i.e. East or what coming from the South China Sea) and the Right (i.e. West or what coming from the Indian Ocean). The system of royal trade monopoly was sustained well into the Bangkok time till the mid-nineteenth century in the reigns of King Mongkut (1851-1868) and King Chulalongkorn (1868-1910).
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ã¹¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹àÁ×ͧ·èҢͧÍÂظÂÒ ¡çà»ç¹¼Å¾ÅÍÂä´éÁҨҡʶҹ·ÕèµÑ駷ҧÀÙÁÔÈÒʵÃì º¹àÊé¹·Ò§¢Í§¡ÒäéÒâºÃÒ³¢Í§àÍàªÕ¹Ñè¹àͧ ÊÒÁÒö·Ó¡ÒäéÒÊè§ÍÍ¡áÅйÓà¢éÒ ¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹¨Ø´áÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (export-import goods) áÅзÕè¹èÒʹã¨ÂÔ觡ç¤×Í¡ÒÃãªéÅÙ¡àÃ×ͨչ ÇÔªÒ¤ÇÒÁÃÙéáÅÐà·¤¹Ô¤¢Í§àÃ×ͨչ ËÃ×Í ÊÓàÀÒ (junks) à»ç¹ËÅѡ㹡Ò÷ӡÒäéÒ·Ò§·ÐàÅ ÃÇÁ·Ñé§ÁÕ¡ÒèѴÃкº¢Í§¡ÒäéÒã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§¡Òü١¢Ò´¢Í§ÃÑ°/ËÅǧ/¡ÉѵÃÔÂì (state-royal monopoly of trade) ¡ÒÃà¡çºÀÒÉÕÍÒ¡Ãà»ç¹¼ÅÔµÀѳ±ì àªè¹ “ÃéͪѡÊÔº” ËÃ×Í 10 % ¢Í§ÊÔ¹¤éÒ¹Óà¢éÒ (import) áÅÐ㹢ͧÊèǹÊÔ¹¤éÒ·Õè¨ÐÊè§ÍÍ¡ (export) ¡çà»ç¹¡ÒÃà¡çºÀÒÉÕÁÒã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§ “ÊèÇ” (tax in kinds) äÁèÇèÒ¨Ðà»ç¹¢éÒÇ»ÅÒÍÒËÒà ËÃ×ͧ͢»èÒ áÅСçÁÕ¡ÒõÑ駵Óá˹觢ͧ˹èǧҹÃÒª¡Ò÷Õè´ÙáÅàÃ×èͧ¢Í§¡Òü١¢Ò´¡ÒäéÒ·Ò§·ÐàŹÕé àªè¹ ¨Ñ´µÑ駡ÃÁ¾ÃФÅѧ (ÊÔ¹¤éÒ) ËÃ×Í ¡ÃÁ·èÒ ÁÕ¡ÒÃáºè§à»ç¹¡ÃÁ·èÒ«éÒ ¡ÃÁ·èÒ¢ÇÒ à»ç¹µé¹ Ãкº¡ÒäéÒ¼Ù¡¢Ò´¢Í§ÃÑ°/ËÅǧ/¡ÉѵÃÔÂì¹Õé ä´é´Óà¹Ô¹Ê׺·Í´¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¨¹ÊÁѸ¹ºØÃÕ/¡ÃØ§à·¾Ï ¡è͹·Õè¨ÐÁÕ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§¤ÃÑé§ãËèã¹ÊÁÑÂÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè 4 (1851-1868) áÅзÕè 5 (1868-1910)
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