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Sheikh Ahmad Qomi (Chao Phraya Boworn Ratchanayok)


Krung Si Ayutthaya in the 17th Century


It is initially said that Sheikh Ahmad Qomi was one of the most prodigious and remarkable people in Siam (Thai) history. Although he was a migrant, Sheikh Ahmad Qomi had done goodness and virtue, and was promoted to a nobleman with power and high ranks. He also had taken responsibilities for the national affairs, and had worked for the government of six Thai kings.


Sheikh Ahmad Qomi was engraved in Ayutthaya history as the most famous state man of the time. He was the forefather of a family that has been doing goodness and virtue, counting from 17th century to the present days.


In order to make his biography complete, we should date back to the time that Sheikh Ahmad Qomi travelled to Thailand.
It was the last decade of King Naresuan’s reign (1590-1605), the connection between 16th and 17th century. There was a Persian ship sailing against the tide of the Chao Phraya River from its estuary after sailing endurably against waves and storm in the ocean. The man who controlled the ship was Sheikh Ahmad Qomi. He was wise, thoughtful, understood people and could speak many languages. He was about 30 years old, and was respected by his friends, accomplices and followers.


He had one younger borther named Mahamad Sa-id accompanying him. The younger brother was very skillful in navigating, and might have been under thirty years of age. Both of them were very close to each other, and risked their lives in fighting danger together. They did not know their future of having to settle down and pass their lineague in the new country. Apart from these two brothers, there were also a lot of Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s followers.


The ship dropped its anchor near Pom Phet at Taikhu sub-district, the place where Pasak River and Chao Phraya River are connected. Tambol (sub-district) Taikhu was located on both sides of the Chao Phraya River about 3 kilometers on both sides. People’s houses were dissipated on the west bank, but the east bank was Krung Si Ayutthaya. There were temples along the bank, and in town, there were a lot of foreign adventurers: navigators, volunteer soldiers working for hire, merchants, and gamblers. All of them came to Ayutthaya, an appearing different city, for fortune and fame. But no one got glorious success like Sheikh Ahmad Qomi. One of the reasons that pushed Sheikh Ahmad Qomi to be promoted to higher positions and ranks of power and greatness was the bad behaviors of some foreigners and the ways Sheikh Ahmad Qomi did to oppose those foreigners who tried to get advantages over Krung Si Ayutthaya. All the details will be told later.


Krung Si Ayutthaya in this era was in trouble with foreign influences. Although the Portuguese were the first foreigners who came in contact with Siam (Thailand) in 1511, the foreign influence did not put a great impact on Thailand like in King Naresuan’s period. The Dutch firstly came into Thailand in 1608, then England. Four years later in 1612, some other nations came, followed by the Persian led by Sheikh Ahmad Qomi.


It reveals that the evidences about the foreigners in Ayutthaya are very rare because most of them were burnt when Ayutthaya was completely destroyed in 1767. Fortunately, some memoranda and evidences were found at temples, some people in the royal family, noblemen families, and some important people owning historical objects. Although all the evidences were not complete, it revealed incidents happening that pushed Sheikh Ahmad Qomi to the power and influences. The incidents were added with former generations’ chronicles at Kudi Chaosen in Ayutthaya which was recommended by Iran.


It was said that Sheikh Ahmad Qomi was born at the center of Islam at Pasne Sahar, a famous place at Khuunin Persia (Iran at present). Sheikh Ahmad Qomi spent his young life in learning, especially the study of Koran. The word “Sheikh” in front of Ahmad is a rank higher than leader of the group or seniority people according to Arab tradition. In Persian, the word means very knowledgeable students or scholars in Koran, and the people who were teachers and religious holders praised as ones to be respected and honored. Because of being accepted as a person with competency and education, Sheikh Ahmad Qomi was assigned to do two missions in alignment in Siam (Thailand). Firstly, he was the leader of Islam in the sect of Ya-afariyah Isanaasar or generally called See-ah (In Thailand, it is called Chao Sen) to propagate in Thailand, and secondly, he assigned to establish a commercial custom house in Thailand as well.
King Naresuan allowed Sheikh Ahmad Qomi to make a reservation on two pieces of land, one for a dwelling place, and the other for doing religious rites and trading.


It is a good occasion to say that Siam was the land of hospitality towards people of all origins and religions, and this has become a Thai tradition to the present. Although the King knew that Sheikh Ahmad Qomi aimed to persuade Thai people to hold Islam, he received him with warm hospitality which was completely different from the developed countries in Europe at the same time, who bullied the people with different religions and always committed religious wars.
After settling down in Siam, Sheikh Ahmad Qomi intendedly started publicizing Islam and trading in Ayutthaya. The trading had been progressed due to his diligence and hard-working. His business had been progressed due to his fame of honesty. He was trusted by general people. Later, he married a beautiful country girl named Obchoey, and had two sons and one daughter. The eldest son was Chuen. The second one was dead in his young age, and the daughter was Chee. This is the first branch of Sheikh Ahmad Qomi family.


Krung Si Ayutthaya in the reign of King Ekathosarot


On behalf of being a wealthy merchant and a treasurer of a powerful country during the time, Sheikh Ahmad Qomi had an opportunity to have audiences of King Ekathosarot (after King Naresuan being passed away) in the Royal Palace in order to ask permissions about his trading and rights that his followers should have obtained. In the royal hall, Sheikh Ahmad Qomi had many opportunities to contact and make good relationship with Thai noblemen in the royal palace, for both social and commercial contacts. One of the noblemen was Chamuen Sorasak who is associateable and generous. He also knew well about politics in the royal palace; for instance, Chamuen Sorasak had become Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s honest friend and always helped him.


Chamuen Sorasak was important because once he was one of Prince Srisilp’s royal pages before the prince was ordained and had a Buddhist rank in the title of Phra Phimontham of Wat Rahaeng.


At this time, the Royal Family was divided into many groups. All of them were ambitious to have higher titles and positions and tried to struggle for the throne. As a result the monarchy became weaken, especially after the death of King Ekathosarot. In that situation, Sheikh Ahmad Qomi who had good vision knew how to behave himself, and was clever to indulge in infavoritism. He was neutral and did not associate with any groups. Although he behaved himself in good conditions and he should have continued his living happily, but the occurrence was contrast. That might have been because Allah wanted Sheikh Ahmad Qomi to play his roles for Siam future.


After King Ekathosarot passed away, his eldest son succeeded to the throne in the name “King Saowaphak (Somdet Chaofa Saowaphak)”. The new king was weak and could not suppress his enemies. Finally, he was captured and killed. His younger brother tried to succeed to the throne, but he was killed as well.
Krung Si Ayutthaya in the Reign of King Songtham


At this period, Prince Srisilp who was ordained and got the title of Phra Phimon Tham, was invited to leave the monkhood and went to the throne in the name of King Songtham (Somdet Phrachao Sontham). The King had reigned over Krung Si Ayutthaya with his great competence.


It should be reiterated to talk about a royal page named Chamuen Sorasak because he was the one who suggested inviting King Songtham to go to the throne. We have to mention his name because he trusted Chao Phraya Phrakhrang (The minister of treasury) who was not only in charge of treasury, but also controlled Siam (Thai) international trading, customs, foreign affairs, and also controlled foreigners in the country. Additionally, Chamuen Sorasak was Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s close friend.


Therefore, it was certainly that Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s fame was on his ability of trading management and his own special qualities: diligence and honesty. Chao Phraya Phrakhrang knew about Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s fame, and later appointed Sheikh Ahmad Qomi to the rank of his consultant, and gave him authority to manage foreign affairs, and made new system of collecting taxes in order to prevent shortage of treasury and corruption which were happening at the time.
Sheikh Ahmad Qomi tried his best to work for government services with honesty and diligence.Those had made benefits to the country, especialy earning and keeping money to the king’s treasury. In order to remunerate Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s merits, King Songtham promoted Sheikh Ahmad Qomi to the title of Phraya Ahmad Ratchasetthee, Chao Krom Tha Kwa (Head of the Department of Foreign Affairs), in charge of controlling the customs, foreign affairs, and negotiating when there was disputing between Thailand and other countries, but the exception was on Chinese people. Holding the rank of Chao Krom Tha Kwa made Sheikh Ahmad Qomi became the second after Chao Phraya Phrakhrang on doing the country’s money affairs.


Persian Noblemen in Paintings on the walls of Wat Somanat Wihan


When Chao Phraya Phrakhrang passed away, Sheikh Ahmad Qomi was promoted to the position. Remarkably, after that this position had been conveyed to members of Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s family. The position was informally called with the other name “Chaokhun Kromtha”, and had been appointed until the time of Chao Phraya Phanuwong Mahakosathibodee (Tuam) who was the eighth generation of Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s family in the reign of King Chulalongkorn, the fifth king of Rattanakosin. In 1875, Sakdina (Right to the possession of farmland) was cancelled; the Ministry of foreign Affairs was established in stead of Krom Tha according to the new system of governance.


Besides the position concerning foreign affairs, Sheikh Ahmad Qomi was the first man who was appointed as the leader of all Muslim in Siam (Thailand), and the title of the position was called “Chao Phraya Sheikh Amad Rattanathibodee”. The reason of his being promoted to the other rank will be mentioned below.
Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s most loyalty to Siam and the government was proved enexpectedly when a group of foreign volunteers joining with a group of Japanese volunteers and some Thai officials who were very ambitious and wanted to get rid of the king in order to go to the throne. Fortunately, Sheikh Ahmad Qomi knew the plan. He called up Thai Muslim people, and suppressed the rebels before their initiation. The suppression was collaborated by some officials and some soldiers who were loyal to the king, and Siam became in peace again because of Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s loyalty. In order to compensate Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s merits, King Songtham was pleased to promote Sheikh Ahmad Qomi from the title of Phraya Sheikh Ahmad Ratchasetthee to the title of Chao Phraya Sheikh Ahmad Rattanathibodee in the position of Samuhanayok, Akhara Maha Senabodee Fai Nua (Comparing to the rank of a minister) and Chao Krom Tha Kwa (Comparing to the Minister of Treasury and Foreign Affairs). It was very rare in the Thai history that a foreigner would have got a very high position in Thai government affairs.


Krung Si Ayutthaya during 1628-1659


Chao Phraya Sheikh Ahmad Rattanathibodee was still in the same position after King Songtham passed away. He had sustained his official influences to the reign of King Chettha Thirat (1584-1630), King Athitayawong (reigning only 36 days and was assassinated) and King Prasat Thong (1630-1654). In the reigns mentioned before, Siam was in peace. There was no war. As a result, the country was nourished with glory. On the other hand, although there were no enemies from neighboring countries, the situations inside the court were still violent with struggling for the throne.


Remarkably, all the time that Sheikh Ahmad Qomi had continued doing his business until he became a great millionaire with the fame of being honest and paying his loyalty to all Siam kings. Additionally, he still held his beliefs of Islam and still held the origin of a Persian.
Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s Memorial Place


Chao Phraya Sheikh Ahmad Rattanathibodee had worked to recompense the kindness of six Thai kings, beginning from King Songtham to King Narai. Because of his great merits and loyalty mentioned, in his old age after the retirement, King Prasat Thong was pleased to promote him to the title of Chao Phraya Boworn Ratchanayok in charge of an officer in the Department of Interiors and in the consultant position.


Sheikh Ahmad Qomi passed away in the age of 88 years old in 1659. His eldest son Chao Phraya Aphairacha was allowed to take all his positions. In addition, Sheikh Ahmad Qomi had conveyed to his receivers of the inheritance and his descendants with serving themselves to the following Thai kings with honesty and loyalty, and not harboring evil thoughts to the country. His teachings have been compared to holy regulations that Sheikh Ahmad Qomi’s descendants have performed from generation to generation. Because of this, Sheikh Ahmad Qomi was praised and honored by general people.

Reference
Phanuwong, Uthai. (Year not mentioned). Prawat Kansueb Chuasai khong Wong Sheikh 
Ahmad Qomi, Chao Phraya Boworn Ratchanayok, Chao Persia (History of a Persian,
Sheikh Ahmad Qomi, Chao Phraya Boworn Ratchanayok, and His Family). (A copied
book).